In the decades following his emergence on the national scene in 1975, Bruce Springsteen
proved to be that rarity among popular musicians, an artist who
maintained his status as a frontline recording and performing star,
consistently selling millions of albums and selling out arenas and
stadiums around the world year after year, as well as retaining
widespread critical approbation, with ecstatic reviews greeting those
discs and shows. Although there were a few speed bumps along the way in Springsteen's
career, the wonder of his nearly unbroken string of critical and
commercial success is that he achieved it while periodically challenging
his listeners by going off in unexpected directions, following his muse
even when that meant altering the sound of his music or the composition
of his backup band, or making his lyrical message overtly political. Of
course, it may have been these very sidesteps that kept his image and
his music fresh, especially since he always had the fallback of
returning to what his fans thought he did best, barnstorming the country
with a marathon rock & roll show using his longtime bandmates.
Bruce Springsteen
was born September 23, 1949, in Freehold, NJ, the son of Douglas
Springsteen, a bus driver, and Adele (Zirilli) Springsteen, a secretary.
He became interested in music after seeing Elvis Presley
perform on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1956 and obtained a guitar, but he
didn't start playing seriously until 1963. In 1965, he joined his first
band, the Beatles-influenced Castiles. They got as far as playing in New York City, but broke up in 1967 around the time Springsteen
graduated from high school and began frequenting clubs in Asbury Park,
NJ. From there, he briefly joined Earth, a hard rock band in the style
of Cream. Also in the hard rock vein was his next group, Child (soon renamed Steel Mill), which featured keyboard player Danny Federici and drummer Vini Lopez. (Later on, guitarist Steve Van Zandt
joined on bass.) Steel Mill played in California in 1969, drawing a
rave review in San Francisco and even a contract offer from a record
label. But they broke up in 1971, and Springsteen formed a big band, the short-lived Dr. Zoom & the Cosmic Boom, quickly superseded by the Bruce Springsteen Band. Along with Federici, Lopez, and Van Zandt (who switched back to guitar), this group also included pianist David Sancious and bassist Garry Tallent, plus a horn section that didn't last long before being replaced by a single saxophonist, Clarence Clemons. Due to a lack of work, however, Springsteen broke up the band and began playing solo shows in New York City. It was as a solo performer that he acquired a manager, Mike Appel, who arranged an audition for legendary Columbia Records talent scout John Hammond. Hammond signed Springsteen to Columbia in 1972.
In preparing his debut LP, Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J., Springsteen immediately re-hired most of his backup band, Federici, Lopez, Sancious, Tallent, and Clemons. (Van Zandt, on tour with the Dovells, was mostly unavailable.) The album went unnoticed upon its initial release in January 1973 (although Manfred Mann's Earth Band
would turn its leadoff track, "Blinded by the Light," into a number one
hit four years later, and the LP itself has since gone double
platinum). The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (September 1973) also failed to sell despite some rave reviews. (It too has gone double platinum.) The following year, Springsteen revised his backup group -- now dubbed the E Street Band -- as Lopez and Sancious left, and Max Weinberg (drums) and Roy Bittan (piano) joined. (In 1975, Van Zandt
returned to the group.) With this unit he toured extensively while
working on the LP that represented his last chance with Columbia. By the
time Born to Run
(August 1975) was released, the critics and a significant cult audience
were with him, and the title song became a Top 40 hit while the album
reached the Top Ten, going on to sell six million copies.
Despite this breakthrough, Springsteen's momentum was broken by a legal dispute, as he split from Appel
and brought in Jon Landau (a rock critic who had famously called him
the "rock & roll future" in a 1974 concert review) as his new
manager. The legal issues took until 1977 to resolve, during which time Springsteen was unable to record. (One beneficiary of this problem was Patti Smith, to whom Springsteen
gave the composition "Because the Night," which, with some lyrical
revisions by her, became her only Top 40 hit in the spring of 1978.) He
finally returned in June 1978 with Darkness on the Edge of Town. By then, he had to rebuild his career. Record labels had recruited their own versions of the Springsteen "heartland" rock sound, in such similar artists as Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band (who actually preceded Springsteen but achieved national recognition in his wake), Johnny Cougar (aka John Mellencamp), Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers, Meat Loaf, Eddie Money, and even fellow Jersey Shore residents Southside Johnny & the Asbury Jukes,
to name only some of the more successful ones. At the same time, the
punk/new wave trend had become the new focus of critical devotion,
making Springsteen seem unfashionable. Notwithstanding these challenges, Darkness
earned its share of good reviews and achieved Top Ten status, selling
three million copies as the single "Prove It All Night" hit the Top 40.
(In early 1979, the Pointer Sisters took Springsteen's composition "Fire" into the Top Ten.)
Springsteen fully consolidated his status with his next album, the two-LP set The River
(October 1980), which hit number one, sold five million copies, and
spawned the Top Ten hit "Hungry Heart" and the Top 40 hit "Fade Away."
(In 1981-1982, Gary U.S. Bonds reached the Top 40 with two Springsteen compositions, "This Little Girl" and "Out of Work.") But having finally topped the charts, Springsteen experimented on his next album, preferring the demo recordings of the songs he had made for Nebraska
(September 1982) to full-band studio versions, especially given the
dark subject matter of his lyrics. The stark LP nevertheless hit the Top
Ten and sold a million copies without benefit of a hit single or a
promotional tour. (Van Zandt amicably left the E Street Band for a solo career at this point and was replaced by Nils Lofgren.)
But then came Born in the U.S.A.
(June 1984) and a two-year international tour. The album hit number
one, threw off seven Top Ten hits ("Dancing in the Dark," which earned Springsteen
his first Grammy Award for Best Male Rock Vocal Performance, "Cover
Me," "Born in the U.S.A.," "I'm on Fire," "Glory Days," "I'm Goin'
Down," and "My Hometown"), and sold 15 million copies, putting Springsteen in the pop heavens with Michael Jackson and Prince. For his next album, he finally exploited his reputation as a live performer by releasing the five-LP/three-CD box set Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band Live/1975-85 (November 1986), which topped the charts, was certified platinum 13 times, and spawned a Top Ten hit in a cover of Edwin Starr's "War." (In March 1987, "the Barbusters" -- actually Joan Jett & the Blackhearts, took Springsteen's composition "Light of Day," written for the movie of the same name, into the Top 40.)
Characteristically, Springsteen returned to studio work with a more introverted effort, Tunnel of Love
(October 1987), which presaged his 1989 divorce from his first wife,
actress Julianne Phillips. (He married a second time to
singer/songwriter/guitarist Patti Scialfa, who had joined the E Street Band
in 1991.) The album was another number one hit, selling three million
copies and producing two Top Ten singles, "Brilliant Disguise" and the
title song, as well as the Top 40 hit "One Step Up." The album earned
him a second male rock vocal Grammy. (In the spring of 1988, Natalie Cole covered the Springsteen B-side "Pink Cadillac" for a Top Ten hit.)
Springsteen retreated from public view in the late '80s, breaking up the E Street Band in November 1989. He returned to action in March 1992 with a new backup band, simultaneously releasing two albums, Human Touch and Lucky Town,
which entered the charts at numbers two and three, respectively, each
going platinum. A double-sided single combining "Human Touch" and
"Better Days" was a Top 40 hit. Of course, this was a relative fall-off
from the commercial heights of the mid-'80s, but Springsteen
was undeterred. He next contributed the moody ballad "Streets of
Philadelphia" to the soundtrack of Philadelphia, film director Jonathan
Demme's 1993 depiction of a lawyer fighting an unjust termination for
AIDS. The recording became a Top Ten hit, and the song went on to win Springsteen
four Grammys (Song of the Year, Best Rock Song, best song written for a
motion picture or television, and another for male rock vocal) and the
Academy Award for best song.
In early 1995, Springsteen reconvened the E Street Band to record a few new tracks for his Greatest Hits
(February 1995). The album topped the charts and sold four million
copies, with one of the new songs, "Secret Garden," eventually reaching
the Top 40. Despite this success, Springsteen resisted the temptation to reunite with the E Street Band on an ongoing basis at this point, instead recording another low-key, downcast, near-acoustic effort in the style of Nebraska, The Ghost of Tom Joad
(November 1995) and embarking on a solo tour to promote it. The LP won a
Grammy for best contemporary folk album, but it missed the Top Ten and
only went gold.
A much more prolific songwriter and recording artist than what was reflected in his legitimately released discography, Springsteen went into his vault of unreleased material and assembled the four-CD box set Tracks
(November 1998), which went platinum. Whether inspired by the playing
he heard on those recordings, bowing to constant fan pressure, or simply
recognizing the musicians with whom he had made his most successful
music, Springsteen finally reunited the E Street Band
in 1999, beginning with a performance at his induction into the Rock
& Roll Hall of Fame. All the members from the 1974-1989 edition of
the group returned. (Characteristically, Springsteen sidestepped the question of whether to use Van Zandt or Lofgren
in the guitar position by rehiring both of them.) They embarked on a
world tour that lasted until mid-2000, its final dates resulting in the
album Live in New York City, which hit the Top Ten and sold a million copies.
Springsteen's writing process in coming up with a new rock album to be recorded with members of the E Street Band was given greater impetus in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the resulting disc, The Rising
(July 2002), contained songs that reflected on the tragedy. The album
hit number one and sold two million copies, winning the Grammy for rock
album, as the title song won for rock song and male rock vocal.
Following another lengthy tour with the E Street Band, Springsteen again returned to the style and mood of Nebraska on another solo recording, Devils & Dust
(April 2005), taking to the road alone to promote it. The album hit
number one and went gold, winning a Grammy for Best Solo Rock Vocal
Performance. One year later, Springsteen unveiled another new musical approach when he presented We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (April 2006), an album on which he played new arrangements of folk songs associated with Pete Seeger, played by a specially assembled Sessions Band. The album reached the Top Ten and went gold as Springsteen toured with the group. It also won the Grammy for Best Traditional Folk Album. The tour led to a concert recording, Live in Dublin (June 2007), which reached the Top 40.
Once again, Springsteen recorded a new rock album, Magic (October 2007), as a precursor to re-forming the E Street Band
and going out on another long tour. The album hit number one and went
platinum, with the song "Radio Nowhere" earning Grammys for rock song
and solo rock vocal. (Another track from the album, "Girls in Their
Summer Clothes," won the rock song Grammy the following year.) Sadly,
longtime E Street Band keyboardist Danny Federici
succumbed to a three-year battle with melanoma on April 17, 2008, his
death causing the first irrevocable change in the group's personnel
(saxophonist Clarence Clemons would die on June 18, 2011 due to complications from a stroke). Federici was replaced by Charles Giordano who had played with Springsteen previously in the Sessions Band.
Springsteen
finished the tour in 2008 and held several additional shows in support
of Senator Barack Obama, whose presidential campaign had kicked into
hyperdrive earlier that year. While playing an Obama rally in early
November, Springsteen debuted material from his forthcoming album, Working on a Dream, whose tracks had been recorded with the E Street Band during breaks in the group's previous tour. The resulting album, which was the last to feature contributions from Federici (as well as his son, Jason), arrived on January 27, 2009, one week after Obama's historic inauguration. It immediately hit number one, Springsteen's
ninth album to top the charts over a period of three decades, and it
went on to win him another Grammy for solo rock vocal and to go gold. In
February, Springsteen and the E Street Band provided the half-time entertainment at Super Bowl XLIII. The group's tour, which featured full-length performances of some of Springsteen's
classic albums at selected shows, ran through November 22, 2009. In
December, the 60-year-old was ranked fourth among the top touring acts
of the first decade of the 21st century, behind only the Rolling Stones, U2, and Madonna. The same month he was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors.
Source: All Music.com.
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